Times in a thesis or dissertation in

Below is a table representing the different times used in theses in English (or dissertations, internship reports, etc.) and the functions they most often serve. First of all, however, it is useful to note that the future and the progressive form are by far the least common in academic writing.

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The future tense is not often used in an English thesis because it tends to express a predictive tone with a high degree of certainty. Because academics are expected to be cautious about their claims, predicting with certainty is often (though not always) inappropriate.
To solve this problem, the academic writer faced with the need to describe future events should consider the use of modal verbs other than will (the verb most commonly used to mark the future).
Modal verbs express possibility, and include will, shall, could, would, ought, can, and may. They can be used at any time but have a specific purpose, as many of them (with the notable exception of will and shall ) do not refer with certainty to something that has already actually happened, which is happening, or is about to happen.
Also, progressive forms are generally avoided in a thesis or dissertation in English, for at least three reasons.
First, it doesn't happen that often that an academic needs to point out that something is happening.
Second, because the progressive form is used frequently in spoken English, it can give an informal, unwanted tone to the writing.
Finally, unless the author has a specific need to point out that something is in progress, the progressive form can generate an excessive use of the verb "to be" and inflate the writing with unnecessary use of the present participles (i.e. 'ie verbs ending in "ing", such as "going") while the simple form would be more concise - "goes" (simple form) instead of "is going" (progressive form).
Time
Common academic use
Simple present
Time is most commonly used in academic writing because academic research is generally concerned with what is or what is not (in academia, we seek to establish the facts on a given subject and to propose reasoned generalizations on this subject). Note here that summaries are most often written in the present tense, even when they give information corresponding to other parts that normally use the past tense (for example, when a summary describes the key points of a survey methodology ). This is because the main function of the summary is to talk about the thesis. as such, which will remain unchanged over time. Note also that the background information is generally described the current state of knowledge on a subject. As such, contextual information is often written in the present tense.
Simple past
Commonly used in case studies or descriptions of historical events. Also, this is the main time used in the Methodology and Results parts, since these parts are supposed to highlight experiments and procedures that started and ended in the past. It is also found in the Conclusion when it refers to the time when these experiments and procedures were being carried out.
Future tense
Rather than using the future tense, which normally goes through the auxiliary will, it is often better to use other modal verbs, which help the author to preserve a careful tone. For example, rather than saying "Our study suggests that the phenomenon will recur frequently", an author can write "Our study suggests that the phenomenon may recur frequently".
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